By The Metric Maven

Bulldog Edition

When I think about the group of non-metric units used in this country, it reminds me of a Twilight Zone episode, The Hitchhiker. A young woman keeps encountering a hitchhiker over and over and finally becomes convinced he is trying to kill her. She attempts to run him over,  but fails. She drives without rest and tries to stop only when absolutely necessary, but each time she stops, there is the man, hitchhiking. After a phone call, the woman realizes that the man is not trying to kill her, but she is already dead. He is the personification of death, patiently waiting for her to realize that she had been dead all along.

In my metaphor, the woman is the set of Olde English Units to which we cling. The terrifying hitchhiker is the metric system, patiently waiting for the set of units to realize it is dead. One way to see that the set of Olde English Units we use is dead, is to realize that they have not changed in the last 150 years (actually for centuries in some cases). The metric system has evolved and changed. There have been a few incarnations of metric. The British, who in my view were trying to hang on to a metric system which is as similar to Imperial as possible, created the cgs or centimeter-gram-second system. Long time readers know what I think about using a centimeter, period, let alone using it as the basis for a measurement system. It’s a pseudo-inch system. There was The Metric Technical System (mts) which was based on force rather than mass. Herbert Klein in The Science of Measurement relates:

Systems that are based on force or gravitational units rather than mass units must be supplemented by a separate unit of mass designed to go with the basic unit of weight. In the Metric Technical System, this added mass unit is the metric slug, or hyl (9.80665 kgm)  (page 205)

To confuse matters further there was also another mts, the meter-tonne-second system, which thankfully is now but a historical curiosity. These systems seem to have invoked a strange version of The Implied Precision Fallacy. The idea was that mts is for industry and cgs is for laboratory work, but thankfully SI became the system for all to use—well except in one country.

The mks or meter-kilogram-second system became popular and shows that nature can sometimes produce miracles, a reasonably elegant system from a committee. Even as all the discussion was raging about the metric system and its constituent units, what to add, and what to remove, there was no parallel discussion for the Olde English Units used by the US. Apparently the Anglo-Saxons of the Middle Ages had given us the one and true system of units for all time, perfect and sublime, and no others were ever to be needed. The world it reflects is static. There is one problem with this notion however, the world has changed in ways the 8th and 14th centuries could never have contemplated. First there was the discovery of electricity. This precipitated Mary Shelley into writing the first Science Fiction novel, Frankenstein, which was based on Galvani’s experiments. The discovery of the relationship between electricity and magnetism was a startling and unexpected connection.  This fusion, electromagnetism, was theoretically described by James Clerk Maxwell and was commercialized by George Westinghouse. In 1893, the World’s Colombian Exposition in Chicago placed on display  the wonders of Westinghouse electric lighting for all to see. Nearby, however, another gathering of much greater importance occurred, which is generally forgotten. It is described by Hallock and Wade (The Evolution of Weights and Measures 1906 pg 208):

In 1893 in connection with the World’s Colombian Exposition at Chicago, an International Congress of Electricians was held, and a Chamber of Delegates, composed of officials appointed by various governments, proceeded to define and name the various electrical units.

The US Congress passed an Act on July 12, 1894 which defined and established the units of electrical measure for the United States. These consisted of those agreed upon at the Chicago congress of Electrical Engineers in 1893, which displaced the definition of the ohm which was in use by Great Britain. According to Hallock and Wade in The Evolution of Weights and Measures 1906 pg 207:

At a meeting held in 1884 an international commission decided the length of the column of mercury for the standard ohm, and the legal ohm was defined as the resistance of a column of mercury  of one square millimeter section of 106 centimeters in length at a temperature of melting ice.

This did not win out however when:

…Professor Henry A. Rowland in America and Lord Rayleigh in England, carried on further investigations to evaluate the true ohm, with the result that the length of the mercury column was found to be nearly 106.3 centimeters, which accordingly was adopted by the British Association Committee in 1892, together with the definition of the column in length and mass, rather than length and cross-section.

Well, as I’ve stated in many blogs, they should have used millimeters. The length would have been 1060 mm and changed to 1063 mm with nice round numbers, just like the Australian construction industry.

The ohm, ampere, volt, coulomb, farad, joule, watt, and the unit of inductance, named the henry, after Joseph Henry, were all defined in Chicago. In case you are uncertain of its location, Chicago, is in the United States, near Berwyn. Yes–Berwyn. There were no US representatives trying to define alternative “US Customary” equivalents of the electrical units. No argument for the inclusion of barleycorns, inches or yards in the electrical definitions were contemplated, they were all metric. Electricity,  perhaps the most important discovery since fire, is not described in any way by US Olde English Units. The US Olde English (USOE) units are stagnant and have been since the 14th century. “They’re dead Jim.”  The ohm is no longer defined as it was in the 19th century, using columns of mercury. It was redefined in 1990 using the Quantum Hall Effect. It continues to be improved and changes with the times. Metric units are living units. Olde English Units are Night of the Living Dead units.

Those who misguidedly try to resist the use of metric units in the US, have created a weights and measurements apartheid. There is one set of medieval pre-scientific units for the masses, which separate them from the creations of modern Engineering and Science, and one set of measurements for those educated beyond High School in a technical discipline.

Strangely Americans don’t see this as insulting, but in my view they should. They are locked into a set of units which creates a barrier between the public and the important scientific information needed to make critical public policy decisions. If one is forced to use US Olde English units, one never develops the “feel”  or comfort with metric units, which 95% of the world’s population has when evaluating scientific results. US Olde English Units are so anachronistic, and arrested they cannot, and do not, offer a description of electricity. How can they but act as a barrier between Americans and all the Engineering and Scientific discoveries since 1893? They are all in metric units. Some see this as “freedom,” I see it as state sponsored ignorance, imposed on US citizens, and apologized for by quislings. Herbert Klein, author of The Science of Measurement (page 24) makes this statement, which should have an asterisk, but does not. I have taken the liberty to add one:

Moreover, the tools and techniques of measurement provide the most useful bridge between the everyday world of the layman and of the specialists in science.^*

^* Except in the United States of America.

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If you liked this essay and wish to support the work of The Metric Maven, please visit his Patreon Page and contribute. Also purchase his books about the metric system:

The first book is titled: Our Crumbling Invisible Infrastructure. It is a succinct set of essays  that explain why the absence of the metric system in the US is detrimental to our personal heath and our economy. These essays are separately available for free on my website,  but the book has them all in one place in print. The book may be purchased from Amazon here.

The second book is titled The Dimensions of the Cosmos. It takes the metric prefixes from yotta to Yocto and uses each metric prefix to describe a metric world. The book has a considerable number of color images to compliment the prose. It has been receiving good reviews. I think would be a great reference for US science teachers. It has a considerable number of scientific factoids and anecdotes that I believe would be of considerable educational use. It is available from Amazon here.

The third book is not of direct importance to metric education. It is called Death By A Thousand Cuts, A Secret History of the Metric System in The United States. This monograph explains how we have been unable to legally deal with weights and measures in the United States from George Washington, to our current day. This book is also available on Amazon here.

By The Metric Maven

John Bull Edition

Much of my knowledge about Civil Engineering comes from reading popularizations. One icon who is no longer with us who wrote about Engineering is L. Sprague de Camp. He penned such classics as The Ancient Engineers, and The Heroic Age of American Invention. They are both very interesting, especially the latter. There are a few others who have written books  for a general audience on the subject of Engineering over the years, but the contemporary person who is the most prolific current author is Henry Petroski. I have read enough of his books to have lost count. The book which caused me the most reflection is his book The Essential Engineer.  It is for me a hidden history of Engineering in the US which is well beyond the scope of this blog, but a fascinating read. Professor Petroski exclusively writes using Ye Olde English units. Unfortunately when I read this very praiseworthy book, I hit a number of bone jarring metric speed bumps. On page 153 of The Essential Engineer he uses Gallons/100 miles. Sigh, this type of fuel efficiency is never used in the US generally, but is expressed as Liters/100 km in enlightened countries. Metric please!

When reading the The Essential Engineer I felt Petroski gave way, way, too much credit to Thomas Edison for making Engineering a profession in the US. The actual person he left out, who deserves exclusive credit is George Westinghouse. He pioneered the use of detailed engineering drawings. Westinghouse drew steam engine parts, modeled them in wood and then machined them from metal. Unfortunately, further elaboration on the contributions of Westinghouse to the engineering profession is beyond the scope of this blog. I wrote to Professor Petroski in 2011 and went into great detail about the importance of George Westinghouse, and it was my hope that he might correct this oversight in the future. This discussion re-kindled a metric mystery about which I’ve been curious for sometime. In the early metric hearings of the 20th Century it is stated that George Westinghouse was very much pro-metric, but when another representative from his company arrived, he contradicted this assertion. This metric reminder caused me to throw this statement in at the end of the email to him:

I don’t recall you ever discussing the lack of the metric system in the US as a problem. It is a real pet-peeve of mine. It is my understanding is that in Australia bricks are 90 mm (yes mm not cm, cm are a bad idea) and the mud is 10 mm. One then knows that each brick in a wall takes up 100 mm and ten of them are a meter. If you have written about the lack of the metric system in US construction or elsewhere, please direct me to your work. I would very much like to read it.

Henry Petroski replied:

As for the metric system, I certainly agree with you on the benefits and practicality of it. Much of my reading and writing has revolved around nineteenth and early twentieth century bridge building in America and Britain, where the English system of units was dominant. This has, no doubt, given me a predilection for using those units. I understand that the rest of the world uses the metric system, and for good reason. Perhaps I should look further into why the U.S. has failed to adopt it.

His reply gave me some hope he might write on the subject. Recently I read his book To Forgive Design, which was published in 2012. Each use of Olde English Units in the book was like the sound of screeching fingernails on a chalkboard for me. In between, the book was a very interesting read, at least for an Engineer. On the few occasions when he used metric, Professor Petroski seems dismissive and apologetic for introducing metric units into a popular book about Civil Engineering:

The lifting capacity of a tower crane is specified in terms of the moment its main boom can sustain. Thus a crane with a sixty meter main boom that can lift fifty metric tons at that distance would be designated as a 3,000 tonne-meter crane. The closer the load is to the mast, the heavier it can be. Because most large cranes are made outside the United States, the metric system of measurement predominates in their specification. (Page 313)

I also learned this:

The term civil engineer had begun to be used in the late eighteenth century to refer to all engineers who were not associated with the military. In the middle of the nineteenth century, with the development of such technologies as the railroads and the telegraph, engineers in many countries increasingly distinguished themselves with classifications like mechanical, electrical, and mining engineers and, where the numbers allowed, formed their own specialized professional societies.
(page 182)

The whole body of construction by Civil Engineers in the US, by all the evidence I have, shows there is essentially zero metrication here. The writings by Professor Petroski in the publication American Scientist to this day, and his books, along with the evidence of my own eyes, produces a view that Civil Engineering is the absolute least metricated engineering discipline in the US.

In a couple discussion boards I interacted with people who claimed to be from the UK and argued about purchasing centimeter tape measures to change to metric for their construction work. Centimeters!—hah!—but to my surprise when I explained my position, the person at the other end of the cyber-exchange decided I had a point and would go with millimeters. But when I went online to look for metric only millimeter tape measures, or even dual ones in the UK—I found none. This absence caused me to make an assumption about the UK, which is that they are only marginally less belligerent about adopting metric than we are, and their building construction is done in Ye Olde English units just like ours.

This unstated assumption must have been readily observed in my writing about the US. Derek Pollard of the UKMA emailed me with a bit of bewilderment. He wondered why I always talked about Australian construction in metric, as if the UK did not. He tried to persuade me that construction in the UK was done in metric, and I was mistaken. This seemed hard to believe. After all, just like us in the US, they have miles on their road signs. Why the British are even responsible for the units that we are saddled with—three barleycorns to an inch. They must be even more stuck on them than we are?—right?—and we’re stuck on them like a postage stamp on a black hole. I had worked closely with a UK Engineer a few years back.  Using inch-pounds and other maddening units didn’t seem to bother him at all—even though it did me. He clearly must have grown up with Olde English units—although I admit, I never asked at the time. All this metric talk I heard about the UK,  well it must be as much BS as those  who claim America is a “metric country.” Indeed all of this was conjecture on my part as I’ve never been to the UK, or visited a construction site there.

Derek sent me a very short guide for metric conversion in construction from back when it happened in the UK. It looked like the sort of thing that was from the 1970s here in the US, and in the US that meant—the conversion that never happened. All we have are artifacts of the 1970s non-event to contemplate here, it seemed unconvincing. It was like a US relic from the decade that taste left behind, testifying to the lack of metrication in that period. But I had this nagging feeling of uncertainty. Was construction in the UK metric or not? The UKMA blog comments seemed to argue they were. Derek stated they were. One thing I knew was that I really didn’t know much of anything about the UK and metric use for certain. I did know that Australians sent me metric only mm tape measures, scales, and other tools. They were not relics, they were contemporary. I even purchased more online. I felt confused and ignorant of the situation in the UK, and intended to avoid writing anything concerning a situation about which I felt so ignorant and uncertain. I blissfully ignored the question.

Then, with no announcement, and with the impact of a color photocopier which had been suddenly transported into a medieval monastery, a publication appeared in my mailbox. It was from Derek. The publication is New Civil Engineer (www.nce.co.uk). Derek had highlighted in yellow numerous metric units used in the publication. I thought “well, that’s nice, but lets count up the number of Ye Olde English units and compare them with the number of metric.” I began reading, and reading, and all I found were meters, and kilometers. I began to feel a little light headed as I read an article By Alexandra Wynne called Urban Conversion: The Shape of Things to Come? Here’s where the rubber would meet the road, it’s about New York’s Highline Park, and discusses similar works in the US, and overseas, of course It would have Olde English units:

“America’s other industrial powerhouse, Chicago, is following suit. As NCE went to press, final plans for The Bloomingdale — a 4.3km long elevated linear park and trail….”

No Miles? No Yards, No feet?  No inches? No Way!—this can’t be true.

Then I ran across prose which almost induced hyperventilation. It was an article about a dam which is under construction in a seaside town called Porthcawl in South Wales. Here is the article insert which threatened my ability to retain consciousness.

T..t..t..two thousand kilonewtons!? It says kilonewtons, not pounds (force)?  I would never see that in a US publication. They were going to dredge 11,000 cubic meters of of mud from the harbor according to New Civil Engineer. Ok, no need to panic, even great publications like American Scientist seem to be dependent on the author of the article as to which units are used within. I keep looking, and then found articles that also use only Celsius temperatures and the “square footage” (not used in the publication) of buildings is given in square meters. They do use t for metric ton, but, despite the fact I really don’t like metric ton, and would use Megagram Mg instead, it’s not fundamentally using non-metric units. Then, I found a straw to grasp upon. New Civil Engineer is a publication of an engineering society, and is like IEEE Spectrum in the US, which has all metric units, whereas the greater US engineering community does not. This publication is simply an anomaly!—yeah–that’s it.

I immediately went to the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) website to investigate. I pulled up an article about Seattle’s sewer system. There they were, gallons, miles, square miles, and an 84 inch pipeline. This is the same group that issues the report card on US infrastructure, which is currently a D+, and no metric is to be seen. Perhaps they have a policy on metric? I called ASCE and spoke with a representative. “No, we have no policy on metric—sorry about that.” Well, I give them an F for metrication on their SI report card.

I know of at least one case where the ASCE didn’t feel that way. On Thursday January 20th 1910, The New York Herald had a story on page 4 with the title: Engineers Want Metric System. The sub headings read: American Society Invokes Aid of State and National Legislative Bodies | Point Out Its Merits | Declare Measurements Expressed By The English System Awkward and Inaccurate. The news story begins:

Adoption of the teaching of the metric system in public schools of the country was urged yesterday by a special committee which made its report to the annual meeting of the American Society of Civil Engineers, in session at its metropolitan headquarters, at No. 220 West Fifty-seventh street.

Professor David A. Molitor, of the chair of civil engineering at Cornell University submitted the report of the committee of which Mr. Stacy B. Opdyke, of this city, is the chairman.

“I measured quantities of iron pipe of American make,” Professor Molitory said, “and found that most of it varied an eighth of an inch from the dimensions ascribed to it. For instance, a so called inch pipe is really seven-eighths of an inch in diameter. The measurements are expressed with far greater accuracy in the metric system, while much of the pipe which is listed in awkward English fractions can be much better designated by round numbers in millimetres, such as fifty or sixty or one hundred millimetres, which as a matter of fact, is the accurate measurement, while the designations, while the designations they bear now are often an eighth of an inch or more off the scale. The present standards in such work allow for a variation of two percent.”

The Baldwin Locomotive Works, of Philadelphia, in a letter to the committee told of building fifty French locomotives under the metric system without the slightest inconvenience either to its draughtsmen or the workmen.

That was in the enlightened period of 1910, and not the unenlightened US of 2013. It was now clear that the UK uses metric in construction, and there is no reason to believe that we in the US will in my lifetime.

I then have to ask myself the hard question as to why I was so ready to doubt that Civil Engineers in the UK use metric. Clearly all the evidence has becoming overwhelming, they must build everything in metric, their roads, bridges, dams—you name it. They must use millimeters. Then it hits me like a tonne of 90 mm bricks. I don’t want to believe they are metric because this makes me feel really, really isolated. It’s horrible, we’re the last country building irrationally in Ye Old English. We are just plain backward.

Then, the final blow. I noticed the unusual size of the publication. I quickly obtained my Australian mm only metric ruler. Yes, it’s 297 mm x 210 mm–A4 size paper! And the envelope in which it came—exactly fits A4. OMG, all metric. It’s all metric. It must be true, they’re metric.

We are clearly the last country which is still non-metric, with little hope for change. Misery, without any company. Sigh. Wait a minute, the Canadians!—yeah, those hosers appear to be building things with a set of Olde English units which are as messed up as are we. Whew, with their proximity to an economically powerful, screwed-up, non-metric influence like the US, it will insure we’re still not the last country building in irrational Olde English! Wait, that doesn’t make me feel better.

Postscript:

Two weekends ago my street had a block party. I met many of my neighbors and told a rather pleasant older woman that I write a blog about the metric system. For some reason she furled her brows and said “Well, the British use our system too.”  I told her that they did not. “They have miles on their roadsigns and pounds in their markets” she asserted. Like most Americans she thinks that because of the roadway signs, the British have our backs, and use old units everywhere in their society—but they don’t. Their industry is mostly metric from what I can tell. Need more proof?

A recent news story in The Star (a UK publication) entitled Imperial Past to Boost Steel Sales (2013-08-01) points out how we cost the UK money because of our belligerence. Tip o’ the hat to Peter for bringing this to my attention. This is from the story:

Tata Steel has invested £1.3 million in its Stocksbridge rolling mill to boost its North American Business

[Tata Steel] has installed seven new rolls and new laser size gauges on each of the mill’s two finishing lines, so that they can roll to imperial as well as metric sizes.

The US market remains wedded to the old imperial system, where sizes are measured in feet and inches, and has never adopted the metric system, which uses metres and millimetres.

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In the past, all Stocksbridge’s high integrity steel bars, destined for the aerospace, energy, industrial bearing, bright bar and forging sectors, have been metric.

When it came to supplying the US, Stocksbridge would roll steel to the nearest metric size and then skim off a layer of steel on a lathe to produce the required imperial size.

All I can say is bollocks.

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If you liked this essay and wish to support the work of The Metric Maven, please visit his Patreon Page and contribute. Also purchase his books about the metric system:

The first book is titled: Our Crumbling Invisible Infrastructure. It is a succinct set of essays  that explain why the absence of the metric system in the US is detrimental to our personal heath and our economy. These essays are separately available for free on my website,  but the book has them all in one place in print. The book may be purchased from Amazon here.

The second book is titled The Dimensions of the Cosmos. It takes the metric prefixes from yotta to Yocto and uses each metric prefix to describe a metric world. The book has a considerable number of color images to compliment the prose. It has been receiving good reviews. I think would be a great reference for US science teachers. It has a considerable number of scientific factoids and anecdotes that I believe would be of considerable educational use. It is available from Amazon here.

The third book is not of direct importance to metric education. It is called Death By A Thousand Cuts, A Secret History of the Metric System in The United States. This monograph explains how we have been unable to legally deal with weights and measures in the United States from George Washington, to our current day. This book is also available on Amazon here.