Yearly Archives: 2015

Metric Wishcraft

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By The Metric Maven

In response to an Op-Ed I wrote promoting the metric system, one commentator stated in opposition to my proposition:

Also saying electricity and gas are measured in improper units then says they should be in gigajoules….kilowatt-hr  and BTUs are amounts of energy just like joules. You can convert BTUs to kWhs and kilowatt hr is metric.  He’s an “engineer” he can convert easily between the two

The internet has provided a place where any immediate thoughtless ejaculation of words can be posted. This concatenation of confabulation was no exception. The specific assertion that caught my attention is his statement that a “kilowatt hr is metric.” Well, I’m afraid I’d have to demur. A kilowatt is metric, and when expressed by this “engineer” in a more fundamental manner is 1000 joules per second. So far, so metric. There is a problem however with multiplying a joule/second by an hour. This will produce joule*hours/second, which is not good dimensional analysis. The base unit for time in the metric system (SI) is the second. An hour is not a metric unit, and multiplying watts by hours immediately disqualifies Kilowatt-hours as a metric expression.

I can only assume that the BTUs were brought up as the units this “commentor” assumed are used for natural gas. My gas bill has the energy of natural gas designated with therms. There is not a BTU to be found. If there were BTUs they would very likely be designated with MMBtu or mmBtu which are one million BTUs. Why the MM or mm?—well Wikipedia—what do you have to say?:

The unit MBtu or mBtu was defined as one thousand BTU, presumably from the Roman numeral system where “M” or “m” stands for one thousand (1,000). This notation is easily confused with the SI mega- (M) prefix, which denotes multiplication by a factor of one million (×106), or with the SI milli- (m) prefix, which denotes division by a factor of one thousand (×10−3). To avoid confusion, many companies and engineers use the notation “MMBtu” or “mmBtu” to represent one million BTU (although, confusingly, MM in Roman numerals would traditionally represent 2,000) and in many contexts this form of notation is deprecated and discouraged in favour of the more modern SI prefixes. Alternatively, the term therm may be used to represent 100,000 (or 105) BTU, and quad for 1015 BTU. Some companies also use BtuE6 in order to reduce confusion between 103 BTU and 106 BTU.[8]

Reduce confusion??? Ok, I think I can summarize that the BTU is a completely ill-defined, readily confusing non-metric unit, which can be expressed in several non-intuitive ways, one of which is therms. There is an interesting metric coincidence that it is often accepted by agreement (in other words we will pretend) that:

In natural gas, by convention 1 MMBtu (1 million BTU) = 1.054615 GJ.[9]

This is close to a Gigajoule. How about we simplify life and use Gigajoules in place of MMBtu? I have shown how simply a utility bill can be expressed with Gigajoules. I realize that the “commenter” is probably so well-off that he need not be bothered with quantifying energy usage, but this “engineer” does, and sees no reason for allowing confusopolies to continue to obscure billing information.

One can also note that his use of a simile: “BTUs are amounts of energy just like joules.”  is not exactly apt. Wikipedia also has this to say:

A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 avoirdupois pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at a constant pressure of one atmosphere.[2][3] As with the calorie, several definitions of the BTU exist, because the temperature response of water to heat energy is non-linear. This means that the change in temperature of a water mass caused by adding a certain amount of heat to it will be a function of the water’s initial temperature. Definitions of the BTU based on different water temperatures can therefore vary by up to 0.5%

The BTU is not a well-defined unit for energy, and neither is the calorie, that’s why the joule is used for energy by Engineers, scientists, and persons who want accurate energy bills, and those that have left the 19th century behind.

The “discussions” that occur in comment sections of—well—any blog or posting, have those who assert with great confidence, “information” that sounds right to those who are ill-informed, in an attempt to convince both those reading the assertion and the person making it, to remain so. The length of this blog is testament to this. Note how many words it took to deal with the flawed assertion of but one person. (With apologies to Mark Twain): The most outrageous ignorance that can be propagated will find believers if a man only tells them with all his might. This is what metric proponents encounter constantly.

Postscript:

CNN posted a piece in their “Great American Stories” series entitled Refusing to Give an Inch. The entire story is essentially a celebration of U.S. failure. How is that a Great American Story? The majority of the piece was cribbed from John Bemelmans Marciano’s anti-metric polemic Whatever Happened To the Metric System. A review of this monograph may be found here.

I was contacted by one of the authors by email last February. The story was to be about the controversy over the metric road signs in Arizona.  I sent the reporter links to A Tale of Two Iowans, The Chain Gang, and my response to NIST’s rejection of a We The People Petition to change the U.S. to the metric system. I told the author I was willing to talk at length, at anytime, and that they could find much useful information contained in my blogs.

The video that accompanies the written story is surprising in that a number of people interviewed didn’t seem bothered by the metric road signs. They even seemed to have a fondness for them. One person who recently moved there, soon didn’t notice the difference and seemed fine with the signs. This supports my thesis about The Metric Populist Revolt That Didn’t Happen. Much like the California DOT, that went from metric back to Ye Olde English, the Arizona spokesman speculated about dual-unit signs. He saw that as “the best of all worlds for everyone.” This is simply a way to first give U.S. citizens a way of ignoring the metric designations, and then eventually purging them. See Naughtin’s First Law.

The reason for the replacement of the metric road signs, which look perfectly fine, is they don’t have as much refection at night as desired. I suspect that all of the signs in Arizona must have been changed because of this new specification. Strangely there was no public outcry about the “massive costs” involved with replacing all the Ye Olde English signs. That would have been a perfect time to make all the road signs in Arizona metric. Metric resistance is not about cost, it has no rational basis.

I had hoped for a story with something other than an extended interview with Marciano that contains statements like:

Marciano, however, makes a credible argument for the old way of counting, which is based on everyday things and parts of the body.

“People say the metric system makes sense,” Marciano says, “But in nature we don’t think about dividing things by 10, do we? We think of halves and feet and thirds.”

Acres, for instance, were based on the amount of land a man could plow in a day.

“Throughout history we have measured things by ourselves,” Marciano says. “We are really losing something with metric.”

And another thing: People think the metric system has something to do with science.
It doesn’t, Marciano says, except that it is used in science and every scientist will
probably put forth a convincing argument for why it’s silly not to be metric.

The metric system is very “body friendly.” a long pace is almost exactly a meter (1000 mm). I’ve done this and checked buildings with a laser. The dimensions are remarkably close. The distance between a person’s nose and the tips of their fingers is about a meter. The width of a male hand, Marciano’s hobby horse measurement poster unit, is generally 100 mm. So is the length of many index fingers. The width of a pinky fingernail is about 10 mm.

I have dedicated my life to engineering  and science. Marciano’s statement that the metric system has nothing to do with science is simply at odds with the last two centuries of history. It is like stating that biology has nothing to do with lifeforms. I direct my readers to my essay The Americans Who Defined the Meter. The fact that the Earth is about 40 Megameters (40 000 Km) in circumference, is no simple coincidence. Englishman John Wilkins was tasked by the Royal Society of London to develop a universal measurement system that all scientists could use. When France finally implemented the metric system, it was guided by a number of very famous scientists. It’s science all the way down. The metric system has also been refined to make everyday measurement much easier for everyday people than Ye Olde English. The details are in my blogs.

CNN further informs us that:

…. John Bemelmans Marciano gave up writing the popular “Madeline” children’s books started by his grandfather and last year published “Whatever Happened To The Metric System?”

Marciano says his young editor had no idea the United States had come within millimeters of metrication. The book reveals a fascinating history of how this nation ended up keeping a system in which 16 ounces make a pound, 12 inches make a foot and 3 feet make a yard.

Marciano knows that we never came within a barleycorn of becoming metric. I’ve detailed this, here, and here and it’s tiresome to have metric revisionist history constantly propagated by Marciano and the lazy media. Marciano’s book does not explain what happened to metric system, the book has almost no metric content, and is only a long juvenile paean of schadenfreude directed at the U.S. metric failure. If you want to know why the U.S. is not metric, you will not find the answer in Marciano’s book, you will find it in Hector Vera’s PhD thesis: The Social Life of Measures Metrication in the United States and Mexico, 1798-2004 (September 2011). Worst of all for me was this (forgive me for re-quoting):

There are blogs like “Metric Maven” and even a book on the subject. John Bemelmans Marciano gave up writing the popular “Madeline” children’s books started by his grandfather and last year published “Whatever Happened To The Metric System?”

This, in my view, makes it look like my blog and Marciano’s anti-metric polemic are somehow complimentary or equivalent when they are completely at odds. I guess that it was good that at least I have a link. It would have been nice if this had been an article that does not celebrate a disaster as an American triumph, but I guess no matter what happened, in CNN’s view the lack of the metric system is a “Great American Story.”

If you liked this essay and wish to support the work of The Metric Maven, please visit his Patreon Page and contribute. Also purchase his books about the metric system:

The first book is titled: Our Crumbling Invisible Infrastructure. It is a succinct set of essays  that explain why the absence of the metric system in the US is detrimental to our personal heath and our economy. These essays are separately available for free on my website,  but the book has them all in one place in print. The book may be purchased from Amazon here.


The second book is titled The Dimensions of the Cosmos. It takes the metric prefixes from yotta to Yocto and uses each metric prefix to describe a metric world. The book has a considerable number of color images to compliment the prose. It has been receiving good reviews. I think would be a great reference for US science teachers. It has a considerable number of scientific factoids and anecdotes that I believe would be of considerable educational use. It is available from Amazon here.


The third book is called Death By A Thousand Cuts, A Secret History of the Metric System in The United States. This monograph explains how we have been unable to legally deal with weights and measures in the United States from George Washington, to our current day. This book is also available on Amazon here.

A Meter High By The Fourth of July

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Corn
Corn Field In Iowa — July 2015

By The Metric Maven

Bulldog Edition

This last Fourth of July, I took a long drive back to the small Iowa town where I spent some of my early years. The mind has plenty of time to wander and as I turned off of the interstate and saw all the fields of corn and soybeans, a life-long cliche automatically intruded. It is “knee-high by the Fourth of July.”  It suddenly struck me this was a saying that involved measurement, but one had to wonder just how good this aphorism is. When I consulted Wikipedia I found true understatement:

In the United States, a good harvest was traditionally predicted if the maize were “knee-high by the Fourth of July“, although modern hybrids generally exceed this growth rate.

I estimate that much of the corn in my home county was about one-meter high on the Fourth of July. When I measured my “knee-high” length, it is about 500 mm, so this means modern corn is about twice the size it was when this phrase was coined.

My stream of consciousness connected with a pair of other measurement based incidents that took place in my hamlet. The town has a small soda fountain in the local drugstore, and did when I was a boy. One of the other local boys pointed out that if you ordered two small sodas, the total volume was about half as much larger than the single large soda. In other words if the large soda was 200 mL, the two small sodas were each about 125 mL or 250 mL total. The price of two small sodas was the same as the large soda. When I realized this was true, I felt odd ordering two smalls, and sitting at the soda counter sipping them down. I felt like I was doing something very untoward. Others began to order the same way, and apparently the proprietor realized what was happening and eliminated the small soda from the menu.

I drove along the old highway past Blairsburg Iowa where there is a large wind farm. There are wind generators as far as the eye can see. About 27% of Iowa’s electricity is generated with wind power. According to Wikipedia, in 2014 Iowa’s Wind Farms generated about 59 Petajoules of Energy. When I was a boy, these were all corn and soybean fields. They are still dominated by crops, but now the fields are punctuated with wind generators.

As I thought about change, a story came to mind that illustrated a problem that those who would introduce change face. One day a contractor was attempting to set stakes into the ground to create a form so that he could pour a concrete slab for a garage entrance. He kept adjusting the stakes and then trying to check to see if they were square. This process was progressing very slowly. My father pointed out that if you took the width between the stakes, and the length you were trying to achieve, square each number, add them, and take the square root, the result will be the diagonal length between corner stakes when they are square. When the two diagonal distances are equal (and equal to the value computed) then it should be square. Alternatively one can design a pad with 6 x 8  foot sides which have a 10 foot diagonals and eliminate any computation whatever. When both diagonals are 10 feet, it should be square

The contractor had been doing this type of work for decades, and exploded. He did not want to be told how to do his job. After much discussion, the contractor calmed down and finally decided to consider looking at the method. Quite often fear of ignorance can cause visceral reactions. People underestimate the amount of measurement which is performed each day in our modern world, and because of this, the importance of measurement methods is diminished and often dismissed.

While I was in town, I attended a breakfast sponsored by the local fire department. This is a social function where I often run into people I’ve known since childhood, and that Sunday was no different. I was quite pleased (and surprised) that a local computer technician told me he has been reading my essays for sometime. A local attorney dropped by my table to verify I am the Metric Maven and told me he found a lot of my essays of great interest. His countenance then became a bit serious and filled with concern. “You realize that you are going to be disappointed if you get it in your mind that we will ever become metric—let alone in your lifetime.” I told him that I had a good understanding of the situation.

As I drove back to my home the next day, I thought about how fatalistic many, many people are about the possibility that the U.S. could become metric. As the black and white center stripes flashed past me on the interstate, and I contemplated the lack of change which has occurred over the last 150 years, I looked up at an oversize load and saw this:

PHi-4300mm-Bridge

The designation on the load was so out of context in the U.S., that my mind did not immediately process it. The realization came on slowly. The Greek letter phi is used to designate diameter on technical drawings. The diameter of the outer orange cover, on the oversize load has a diameter of 4300 mm, and it is clearly written and stated only in metric. The unit designation mm has no space between the integer and itself, which makes one suspect it was not made in the U.S.

What is this oversize load? I believe it is part of the pedestal of a wind generator on its way for assembly at a wind farm. I wondered how many people passing by would look at the label and realize that it states the diameter of the end is 4300 millimeters. Very few I suspect. Perhaps only me? Metric ever so slowly drips into the U.S. with the build-up rate of a stalagmite, but it is currently like a foreign language that is readily ignored, and never used. One cannot even purchase a millimeter only tape-measure in a U.S. hardware store. We are apparently impervious to change and insist that no one tell us how to do our job. The rest of the world is metric, and some like Australia and the UK use it very effectively for construction and manufacturing. We’ve chosen ignorance, which means that others will probably construct our future.

If you liked this essay and wish to support the work of The Metric Maven, please visit his Patreon Page and contribute. Also purchase his books about the metric system:

The first book is titled: Our Crumbling Invisible Infrastructure. It is a succinct set of essays  that explain why the absence of the metric system in the US is detrimental to our personal heath and our economy. These essays are separately available for free on my website,  but the book has them all in one place in print. The book may be purchased from Amazon here.


The second book is titled The Dimensions of the Cosmos. It takes the metric prefixes from yotta to Yocto and uses each metric prefix to describe a metric world. The book has a considerable number of color images to compliment the prose. It has been receiving good reviews. I think would be a great reference for US science teachers. It has a considerable number of scientific factoids and anecdotes that I believe would be of considerable educational use. It is available from Amazon here.


The third book is called Death By A Thousand Cuts, A Secret History of the Metric System in The United States. This monograph explains how we have been unable to legally deal with weights and measures in the United States from George Washington, to our current day. This book is also available on Amazon here.